??????????????:???????

????:??????????:????????

???6?????????21????????????? ?????????:??

?????????????????

?? ??

?????????,??????????????????????,“??????????”???????????????????????,??????,???????????????????

??????????????“??”??????????????????????????“??????????????”?????????????????????????????????,?????????????1500?????????1800?????????????????,?????????????????????????“????”????????????,???????????????“??????????”????,???“?????????”,????????????????

?????:

???????????????:???????1500?-1800????????????????,???

?????????????:1688??«??»???????????????????,?????????????????????«????????????»???“???”,???????????????,??????

???????????18???????“?????”,??1500????-1800???,???????????????????,???????????????,??

?????“????”?????,???????,“????????????????”???????,??,????

??????????,?????,?????????????1500????-1800????????????????;??“??”???,??????????????????????????

?????,????

?«?????????????????????»(????????????)???????????? ???

????????:??????????18????????“?????????????”,????????“??????”,???????

???:??????????

?????????????????????????????????????,???????????,???????????????????????????????????????????,?????????,???

?????????????????????,?????????????,????,????????,??????????

???????????????,????????,????????,????:??,?????????;??????????????????,?????????,???????????????,???????????????????

?????????????:?????????????????????????????

??????????????:??????????

??,?????,??«??»??,?;????????????????«?????»?????????……?????????«?»?????????,???????????????????????????,???????????????,??????????

????????????,??????????????????????,???????????????????????,???????????????????,?????

????????:“??????,????????????,????????;??,????????????????????”????????????

??????????,???,?????????????,????????????,???????,??,??,?????????????????

?????????????:?????????

???:?????????“???????????”??????????,???????

???????????“??????????????????????????????”????????????,???????????????1798?????????????????,?……???????????????????????,????????????????,?????,?,??,????

????????“?????”,??????? ?????????????

????????,???????????,????????????????????,????????????????????????????“???????????????????????”,?????“???”“?????”“????”“????????????”???????????????,??????????????????

??????,??,??????,“???????????????????”???,????????????????????????,???????,????????,????????????,??????????,?????????????????,???,???????????????

???????????,??,??,????????????????,????????????,???,????????????????????19???????????????,?????????“?????”???

?????,??“??????????????????????”,????18?????????????????,????,???????????(???????????)

??:

??????????????????????? ???????????

??????????,????????????,????????????????,?,«????»??????????????????????,???????,??????????????,????????????????????????????????,1500-1800?????????????????????????????????,?????????????10?????????,??????????????

??????????:????