????:1???98?95?92?:????spa???????

2??????????

3?????????

4??????????

5????????

?????????

????1866???,?1868???,???????1869??,??????1874???????????,???????????????????????1878??????,?????1882????????????????,?1885???……???19???????????????“60?????”“70?”????????????????????“80 ???????”?,??,?????????,????????,???????????????????????

??????“?????????????????”“??????”“???????????????????”???????,???????,?,????????????,??????,???????

1911?????????10??10?,???????,???????????????,?????????????15???,???????????????????“??????”????????,??????????“????”?

????

?????????1906?????,????????????????:“???????????……????,????”

?????,??,????,????,???????????????????

??????????,?,“??????????,?,????????,?????,?,?”?

1912???????1????1??????,?????????????????????????????,“??????,????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????”?????????,????“?”??

?????,????????1912????1?5???«?»????????:??????????,???????????????????????,?????????????,???,?????,??????????“?????????”????????????????????????,????,???????????,?????????????????????????????????????????????????,??

?“????????”????,??«?»?????????,??????????“??????????????”,???????????, ???,?????????“??????????????????????”?

?,?????“????”,???????????????????????,????????;???,?,??????(?),?,?????????????,??

????????????“?????” “????” “?????????????”?,????????“??????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?,??

?,????????????????,“?”???,??“??????”??????“???????”??

???????

????????????,?????,??“??????????????”,?????????????????“??????”??

?,????????????“????”“??????”?????????????????????,??????:“?,??????,??……?????,???????????????????????”

1905???,????????????????????,???????????,??????“???????”?

?1911?,?,“????”?“??????????????????????”????????,???????????????“?”??????????????????,????????????“??????”??????????????????,?????“???”??????????????????????????“????????????????”“????”????,??????“??????????”?,???????????????

?110????????,1911?10????10???,????,??????????????,???????,???,???,?,?????????,??

????????????!

(? ??????? ????) ?????:???