????:1????????????:????????????

2???????

3???????????

4????????????

5???????????

??????????9???????19? (???????????????????? ???)?????“?????”(Sigma Geography),9?19?????????????????????????,“???????????????????”??,??“??????????????????”,???

???

????????????(???????)?????????,“????”?????,?????????????,???“??????????????????”??????????????“??????????????”“????”“?????????????????”“????????????”???,????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

9??19??????????,“???????????????”??????????????????????????????????“???????????????????”????????????????????????? ???? ??

“??????????”???????????????????????????,“??”????,????????????4???16??,??320?????????,?????????????4?????,“????????”???????,??31.3%?

“?”??,???????????????????,??????????????“???????????????????????”?,?????????,??????????????????

“???????????”????,?“????????????????????????????”??????,????“??????????”???????????????????,????

“??”???????????????,??????????“????????”???????????,????????????????????????????????????????????,???

???

“??????????????????????????”?????,?????????????????“????????????”????????????????????????????????????,?“??”?????????,??,??,????????,?????

9??????????????????????19?,“??????”?????????????????????????????????? ??? ????????????

????,???“?????????????”,??????,??,???,??,?????????????????

??,“????????????”??,?????????????,????????????????????????????,????????,?????????

?????????????????,“?”????,?????,??,?????????

?????????,“????????”?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????,“?????????????????????????????”??????????????????????

?????

??“??”???????????,????????????????“?????????????”????????????????????????????“?????”????????????????;“???”???????????,????????????“???????”,????????????,“??”??????????????????????????,??????????????????????,????

“????”??????????,????????????,???????????,???????,“??”????«?????????????????»?????????????«??»«??»???????????10???????????

?,????????????,“??”???????????????,????????????;??,???,?????????

??????,?????????????????“???????????????????????”,?????????????????????“???”?????????????,?????????????????????,????????,??????????????????“??????????”?????????????????????????????“??????????????????”“??????”????(???????????)

????????????????:?????