????:1????????????????:?????

2??????????????

3?????????

4?????QT??

5?2023??????????

?

???????1866???????????,???????1868???,?1869????,??????1874??????????,?1878??????,??1882??????,??????1885????????????……?????????19???????????????“60?????????????????”“70???”?“80 ?”????????????,????????????,?????????????,????,??????????????????????

??????????????“??????”“?????”“????”???,????????,???,?,??????,??

1911????10?10?,??????,?????????????????,???????????????????15???????????????,????????“???????????”??????,???????“?”?

????

???1906????,??????:“????……?,??????”

?????????,?,?????????,?,??????

?????,????,“??????????????????????,?,?,????,????,???????????????”?

1912?1??1?????????,??????????????????????????,“????,?????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????????????”????,?????????“????????????”???????

????,???????????????????1912?????????????1???????5??????????«????????????»????:?????,?????,???,??????,???,??????????????????“???????????”???????????,?,????,????????????????,??

??“?????????????”????????????????,????«?»????????????????????????????,????“?????????????”,?????????????, ????,??????“????”?

?????,??????????????????“????”,??????????????????,??????????????;?????????,?,????(?????),???????????,????,????

?“????????” “???” “????????”?,????“?????????????????????????????????????????????????????”?????????????????,?????

??????,????,“????????????????”?????,????????????????????“?????????”????????“???????”??

???????????????

?????,????????,?“???????”,??????“?”??

???????,??????????“?”“????”????????????,???:“?,????????,??????????……??????,???????”

1905??????????????????????,????????????????,???????????,?“????”?

????????1911?,?,“???????”???????“?”?????,?????????????“?????”????????,??“???????”?,?????????????????????????“????????”???????????????????????“????????”“????????????????”????????,?“?”?,?????????????????????

???????110?,1911?????10???10??????????????,???,????????????,?,????,?,?,??????????????????????,????????????

???!

(????????? ??????????????????????? ???????) ????????:????