????:1?????:???????

2???95?98?

3??????????

4???90???????

5????????

??????

???1866??????,?????1868?,???1869??????,????????1874???????????,????????????????????1878?,?1882?,?1885???????……?????????????????????19????????????“60???????”“70???????????”???????????????????“80 ?”???????????,??????,???????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????,?????????????????????????

?????????????“?”“????????????”“?????”??????,?,???????,??,????????????????????,????

1911?10????10?,?,??????????,??15?????,??????????????“?”?????????,?“???????????????”?

???

?1906????,?:“???????……?????????,?????”

?,????,????????,?????????????,????????

??????,????,“????????,?,?,??????,???????????????????????,?”?

1912??1????1?,??????????,“?????????,??????????????????????????????????,???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????”????????????????,???????????“????”????????

????,?????????1912???????????1?5?«???????????????????»???:?,????????,??????,?????????????????,??????????????????????,?“?”????????????????????????????,????,?????,?????????????????,???????

?????“?????????????”???????,????«????»?,????“????”,?????????????????, ??,????“???????????????”?

?????????????????,??“??”,????????????????????????????,?????????????;?????????,???????????????,???(????????????????????????????),??????????,??????????????????,??????

????“???” “????????” “??”???????,????“???????????????????????????”?,??????

???????????????,??????????,“????????”????,?????“?”??“??????”????

????

??????,???????,?“????????”,?????“??????”?????

???????,??????“?”“????????????”?,?:“??,???,??????……???????????,?????????”

1905??????????,?????????????????????????????????,?????????,??????“??????”?

????1911???,??????,“??????????????????”?“?”?????????,??????????????????“????????”?????????,?“?”??????????,????????“?”??????????????????????????“?”“?”??????????,???“????”????????????????,??????

?110???????????????,1911?10??????10?????,?,???????,???????,??????,????,????????????,?,????

?!

(????????????????? ???? ?????????????) ??????:?????????